Bargaining Essay Example for Free

Bargaining EssayIt is often difficult to differentiate whether a particular subject is permissive, illegal or required negotiate subject. The reason as to why this problem emanates is that the talk terms subjects in most cases collide with the rights of the management which often belong to the public employer as a matter of public policy or state law (Geel Imber, 2004). In another observation, it can be seen that the managerial rights and the talk terms rights are inextricably associated. at that place have been ways of defining different ways of collective bargaining in order to determine whether it is lawful to negotiate the inclusion of the subjects into the balances of collective bargaining and whether it is lawful to lockout or beam to force proposal acceptance. These classifications of the bargaining subjects include needed, illegal and permissive subjects of bargaining. Mandatory bargaining subjects consist of any topic that is right off related to the hours, wa ges and other employment terms and conditions of the bargaining members (Riccucci, 2007).Some of the topics essential for the determination of employee working conditions and wage levels are also part of the mandatory bargaining subjects (Riccucci, 2007). Examples of negotiated mandatory subjects of bargaining include wage negotiatins such as shift differentials, incentives pay plans, commissions, paid holidays, overtime premiums, stock purchase plans and profit sharing. flow rules, grievances and disciplinary procedures, fringe benefits and work schedules are also negotiated mandatory subjects of bargaining (Riccucci, 2007).In mandatory subjects of bargaining, the two parties have to propose the same subject and it whitethorn be lawful to insist to a level of impasse that the mandatory subject of bargaining be part of the contract. It is also lawful to lockout or strike to obtain a mandatory bargaining subject. Illegal subjects of bargaining violate the specific Taft-Hartley victu al or other federal or state provisions (Riccucci, 2007).Illegal bargaining subjects include the hot cargo clauses which violate whatsoever sections of the US Constitution, the clauses that illegally discriminate on the basis of sex, race or some other unenviable classifications, the improper union shops or closed shops and the agreements conditioning full union membership representation (Geel, Imber, 2004). It is illegal to negotiate an illegal bargaining subjects and the consequent insisting on illegal subject negotiations. It is also considered illegal to have a lockout or strike to obtain illegal bargaining subject.The conclusion type of collective bargaining subjects is the permissive subjects of bargaining where the subjects are n all illegal nor mandatory (Riccucci, 2007). Although there is a long list of possible subjects of bargaining under permissive category, there are a number of different categories that are commonly proposed or negotiated as permissive subjects. It happens that some bargaining subjects are grouped in the category of permissive since the represent negotiating efforts on behalf of the people not part of the unit of bargaining (Geel, Imber, 2004).Permissive bargaining subjects include aid benefits for individuals who have retired, bargaining unit expansion and the drug testing prior to employment. The classification of a subject as permissive subject means that either party may propose over permissive bargaining subject or in case any of the parties choose to have negotiations, any of the agreement that is reached is always enforceable (Geel, Imber, 2004).In general, collective bargaining subjects are important processes which start from a mere beginning when workers of any organization raise a majority vote in order to be represented (Riccucci, 2007). Although collective bargaining is important in answering the grievances of workers, some of the bargaining subjects are unlawful. Workers should wherefore adhere to the classif ication of bargaining subject which respects the rule of law.

Big Movie Essay Example for Free

outsize Movie EssayBig (Movie) Big, a movie which stars Tom Hanks, is about a 13 year one-time(a) boy Josh who wished to grow up and become big. He do this wish upon a fortunetelling machine in an amusement pier, which came true the following day when he woke up and became a large up man. The conflict in the story revolves around his dilemma to cope with the abrupt changes which took place overnight. In physique, he looks equal an old man, but he is pipe down a 13 year old boy mentally and emotionally. Thus he had the difficulty to mingle with scrubs up people, including his problem in getting a job and engaging in romantic relationships (Internet Movie Database).Certain conflicts happened during the course of the story. First, is brought by the abrupt changes in his physique which would prompt the boy to act according to his new appearance. Second, his integration amongst the adults while he still continues to have his squirt best friend as well as adds up to his ide ntity dilemma. And third, due to these conflicts, he is torn between opting to remain as an adult with his found girlfriend, or whether he must return to his old kid self. To address these conflicts, one must look at the reason why it started.The conflicts all started with one wish. When Josh wished he would be a grown up, and it suddenly came true, ignited all the conflicts. Hence, the reason that pushed him into do that wish is essential in the story. What prompted the wish? His seemingly troubled character and the pressures that he usually gets from his parents make him wish to become bigger and independent. The crisis that he is experiencing as a boorhood made him to want to become a grown up, and explore the world the panache that he isnt allowed to do while he is still a teenager.This only shows the great importance that parents play in a kidskins development most importantly in his adolescent years. Families, particularly parents, hold a racy part in a childs rearing. Th eir influences, serving as either an inspiration to their children or it creates a negative impact, such as pressure for the child. Thus, it is necessary that they get a closer look into the childs thoughts and emotions for them to be able to properly guide the child towards his adolescent years.Moreover, as shown in the movie, Josh struggle to fit into the new world of adults is a proof that the gap in his adolescent growth made him unequipped to cope with the more complicated world of adults. This gap in his growth, both in biological and emotional aspects, rendered him the incapability to properly adjust to the bigger world. This instance shows the utter importance of identity development during adolescent years. Hence this proves that the social transitions that adolescents contact are rigid part of ones identity.In addition, the dilemma of being an adult while continuing the childlike behavior that Josh still keeps in the company of his best friend is another facet for his di lemma. The crisis on whether he should act as an adult, or still maintain the inner kid that he really adds more to his identity problem. Given these situations and identity crisis that were shown in the movie, it is necessary to stress the absolute importance of parenting roles in the development of a childs identity, most especially if he is in his critical adolescent years. First, the parents must avoid letting the kid feel pressured.Parents must always be there for constant reminders and guidance, but in such a way that the kid wouldnt feel anxious towards the things that are being expected of them. In addition, power struggle between the parents and the kid shall be avoided. Implication of excessive authority from the parents towards their kids breeds awkwardness in the relationship and at most times, the kids would feel embarrassed, resented and sour towards the role that they play in their family. Thus it results to feeling of inferiority and sometimes pushes the urge of bei ng more independent and free from the scrutiny of their elders.It must be fully recognized that adolescents have their usual pursuits for independence. And the parents must fully understand that such thing is normal for the development of their kids, thus parents must not think it as a gesture of rejection of kids to their parents, or a sign of them losing control over their kids. Instead, parents must take it positively as a growth and due date stage of kids during their adolescent years. Therefore it is important that elders welcome this stage without dominating the way that the child should undergo his growth.Rather, they should pose as a consistent routine of a confidant for teenagers especially at their most critical stages. Moreover, as teens are normally in the stage of their increased curiosity towards the discovery of many an(prenominal) things, they tend to become influenced by outside peers and may undergo crucial changes and adverse behavior. This would now require a n even more challenging role to screen the development of a child. The parents and the whole family must make the child feel that whatever decisions and changes that he may undergo, the whole family shall always be there to suffer a hand.The commitment of the family to support him will be a very effective guard that can help in developing a greater sense of responsibility and maturity towards the changes the he will undergo. Thus, as shown in the movie, the growth and development of a kid is dependent upon effective parenting. Though choices made by the kids are solely based on their own judgment, still, how they were brought up and how they felt inside the house with their families play a large part in coming up with such decisions.It is therefore an integral part of an adolescent undergoing his personal development that he constantly interacts with parents and family members. Personal relationships are indeed vital in the molding of someones personality, thus, how he chooses to mingle with other people and how he chooses options for growth are products of these closely knitted personal relationships. And as seen in the movie wherein the conflict started from a wish, and ended with a wish it exemplifies that choices are made internally. Options are weighed based on the values that have been instilled in spite of appearance a person through the way he was reared up by his parents.Being a young boy made him impulsive in making his choices skipping through his adolescent stage made him weary about his life and doubtful on the choices that he has made and finally, the maturity he earned by closing in the gap of his childhood days and turning abruptly into an adult lead him to another choice that is to start from where he had left off. He went back to his adolescent years, again from his own choices, and eventually learned from the mistakes he had through the help of his best friend and mother who was glad that he was back. Big at Internet Movie Database. Ret rieved November 7, 2007

Personal Ethics in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Personal Ethics in nurse EssayEthics is the discipline that waits in the wings as a health-restoring resource when lesson guidelines fail to do the job al ace. Ethics provides a langu term, along with methods, and tools for evaluating the components of person-to-person, societal, and group morality to create a better path for yourself and others. many of its most important uses ar to clarify, organize, and critique morality to highlight what does and does non fit in a particular situation (Purtilo, 2011).A nurse cultivates personal ethics through personal, cultural, and spiritual values which becomes a moral compass for their occupational ethics. Personal ethics in combination with the code of ethics oft assist the nurses in personal and social termination making during good dilemma. This ability prompts them to better respond to needs of the suffering patient and their own well-being. Nursing ethics shares many principles with medical ethics such as beneficence, non-m aleficience, and respect for autonomy.Nursing ethics however, can be distinguished by its emphasis on relationships, collaborative foreboding and human dignity, because the health accusation climate is regularly changing, as is our society, it is crucial that nurses have a grounded understanding of ethics (Ward, 2012). Born in a middle-class Christian family from South India, the strict traditional values helped to embed the concept of service through family and friends who taught me trust, respect, integrity, and responsibility for my education and beliefs.One of my major spiritual values that kindled the concept of service within me is do unto others as you would have them do unto you which is found in the Bible. At an early age I started to practice this concept by not only self-respect for myself but mainly treating others with respect. Individuals whitethorn build their moral values from listening to their parents, grandparents, religious beliefs, friends, books, their loca l societal values and even watching television. Moral values and enthusiasm help an individual to understand ones accountability to their profession to deliver harmless, a compassionate work atmosphere.This empowers nurses to raise their self-confidence in their profession. Maintaining the existing responsibilities in the nursing field is vibrant to assist patients, families, and the general public. Our social standards play a big constituent in nursing life. Nurses however should not be judgmental of patients beliefs and force their own beliefs in patient care. Hospitals under Joint Commission are responsible for addressing and maintaining patients privileges. These privileges include the accommodation divine, mystical, particular Cultural values and follows while providing care to patients from diverse faiths.Nurses must have reverence and not put down the patients faith and values, and provide care consistently. Being acquainted with a variety of different cultures, languages, and religions influence worldly views and nursing decisions in providing culturally sensitive care. The traditional spiritual and cultural morals along with diverse worldviews became the directorial moral compass to take the right decision on behalf of the patients and personal life and empowered to improve the confidence and capability as a nurse.Values, Morals, and Ethics are often thought of as interweaved and to have the same denotation when each of solely have a different meaning for themselves. Values are ones fundamental beliefs developed from childhood through family and society. Morals are values that attribute to a system of beliefs. Values are the language that has evolved to recognise intrinsic things a person, group, or society holds dear. Not all values are moral values either. For instance, some things are cherished for their beauty, novelty, or ability they bring to our lives (Purtilo, 2011).When values, morals, and ethics of nurse influence his or her professional conduct, it often tips to conflicting situation in ones nursing practices. For example, the topic of stillbirth is frowned upon when looked at from a spiritual Christian standpoint. When a nurses spiritual doctrine is against abortion, it would be against their moral to assist in decision making to abort the corrupt even when the fetus is deformed, thus arising an ethical dilemma between personal values and coming to an ethical conclusion on aborting the baby.Hospital management may develop a strong Code of Ethics in order to help regulate and maintain a professional atmosphere for nurses so that their decision making will be easier when they incur ethical dilemmas. A Code of Ethics not only serves as a guideline for nurses but as well sets a standard for them to abide by. Being in the nursing field my tasks vary from caring, communicating, teaching, bedside care, and even advocating therefore the likelihood of ethical dilemmas are inescapable. Thus far I havent been faced with any major ethical dilemmas that would violate my spiritual doctrines that I uphold.Most commonly the ethical dilemmas Ive seen care providers face are usually due to religious and spiritual backgrounds of the patient. Some religions do not support induced death by humans and nurses may have trouble supporting the patient and family about cases like abortion. Although it is the individuals right to make decisions about their bodies, the religious values do not allow one to be apart of the procedure. Therefore when Ive been in minor ethical dilemmas while being a care provider I go by what is medically and ethically correct.Nurses are an important element of the health care field because their decisions along with commitment play an essential role for the welfare and safety of humanity. If their decision making is based on personal, cultural, and spiritual values then at times they may be faced with an ethical dilemma. In situations where theyre beliefs may be tested, nurses are expec ted to either follow the Code of Ethics set out by their management or they should be professional and do what is medically right in order to deliver quality care.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hybrid Cars Engineering Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hybrid Cars Engineering EssayEven by recently introducing hybrid vehicles to the oecumenical transportation system, the lead to reduce transport generated CO2 emissions is stable a matter of high signifi hindquartersce. One promising and at the same time environmentally friendly solution in terms of limiting the greenhouse artillery (GHG) emissions is considered to be the introduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In this technical report HEVs leave behind be comp ared to courtly internal combustion locomotive engine vehicles ( rubbishs) and stamp battery electric vehicles (BEVs), by surveying their technical characteristics and performance, their total toll of ownership (TOC) and their GHG and air taint (AP) emissions. HEVs after part be classified either as parallel or series due to differences at their powertrain configuration. They both use an electric motor and an engine but only parallel HEVs can use simultaneously either of th em as a main power source. At series HEVs the engine charges an on-board battery unit that transmits power to the electric motor. Reduced engine capacity, regenerative braking ability and engine shut-off capability are the main discernible characteristics of HEVs in confrontation to their equivalent conventional models.1Some of the most generally acceptable advantages of the HEVs are their low local emissions combined with a high burn down economy, the long driving range and their commercial accessibility but they still depended on fossil fuels and they are much expensive than conventional ICEs.2Technical characteristics and performance vehicle efficiency and primary vital force efficiency, or otherwise well-to-wheel efficiency are the measures used in this news report to compare those various drivetrain vehicles. We define the Vehicle efficiency and, the Primary efficiency where = the useful energy at the wheels, = the energy supplied to the vehicle and = the primary energy.3 Hybrid voltaic Vehicle (HEV) For both parallel and series HEVs the vehicle efficiency is 29%.Internal blaze Engine Vehicle (ICEV) The max efficiency ay ICEs is achieved near the max load point. The mean efficiency is relatively low since no max power can be achieved in normal driving conditions. At mean required power of 10kW the efficiency is low around 18% whereas around 60-90kW reaches up to 35-40%.4 stamp battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) An electric motor, connected with a generator and a system of transmission forms the main function of BEVs. callable to the development of advanced electronic authority systems, the mean energy efficiency over a normal drive schedule has increased both for generators and electric motors.5 The potential vehicle efficiency is 61%.The difference in efficiency between hybrid and conventional vehicles can be partly justified by the use of Atkinson- cycle per second in the hybrid vehicle engines instead of the Otto cycle in the ICEs.6 In cases wher e the Atkinson cycle is applied to a well modified Otto cycle engine it results to high fuel economy that can be explained by the lower per displacement power than the traditional ICE four stroke engine.When more power is needed, an electric motor can paraphernalia the engine power which is the basis of an Atkinson cycle working hybrid-electric drivetrain. Bigger work output and higher(prenominal) thermal efficiency than the Otto cycle while operating downstairs similar conditions leads to higher primary efficiency in HEVs.7In terms of acceleration, BEVs are better than both HEVs and ICEs but in high speed performances ICEs are faster than HEVs with BEVs to be the slowest.8Total Cost of OwnershipThe total cost of ownership is by estimation the sum of the purchase price (Components, retail margin, battery, initial on-road costs), the operating costs (fuel, electricity, servicing) and the resale value. The purchase price is fixed for each vehicle (excluding the uncertainties in the battery prices) but in order to define the operational cost we first have to settle a representative drive cycle. In this study we will work with the AUDC (Australian Urban Drive Cycle) which is a bit more intense in the driving behavior than the common ones but still close to the NEDC (new European drive cycle) and the ARTEMIS cycle (150000 km travelled per vehicle lifetime) .9,10Due to the large uncertainty in the vehicle battery prices we took a baseline value of $800(kWh)-1 or $16.800 brooker,4 Furthermore, we estimated a base fuel price at $1.4 L-1 as well as a base electricity price at $0.175 kWh-1.11In order to determine the operational cost of each vehicle we need to define the fuel and electricity consumption of our modeling vehicles. For a Class E parallel HEV the fuel consumption in L/km was reason 5.7 whereas for the same category the CV had a consumption of 9.4 L/km. The electricity consumption of a Class E BEV is 0.11 kWh/km. It is clear that despite the entailed incr ease in vehicle electrification in the purchase price it is compensated with a decrease in the operational costs.Only by comparing each vehicles purchase price, the CV is the most cost effective solution of both HEVs and BEVs with the lasts to be the most costly ones mainly because of the high battery costs. On the other hand rase though the BEVs have the lower running costs it is shown that the parallel HEVs are the ones with the lower Net Present value. Finally in a recent study it was suggested that eventide hybrid cars are a quite more expensive than the conventional ICE vehicles thay may reduce fuel consumption by 34-47% compared to them which decreases their NPV even more.12Environmental evaluationIn order to determine the environmental impact of each vehicle we will examine their air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. To estimate the total CO2 emissions we use the product of carbon intensity (CO2e/MJ) by fuel producers, energy intensity (MJ/km) by car producers and dem and (km) by car drivers. In Hybrid (gasoline) vehicles the CO2 emissions are 20 gCO2/MJ and 220 gCO2/MJ delivered to vehicle wheels during production and vehicle life cycle respectively. In ICEs the emissions during production and life cycle are 50 gCO2/MJ and 300 gCO2/MJ whereas in BEVs (electricity production from coal) are 320 gCO2/MJ and approximately 0 gCO2/MJ respectively. It is interesting to notify that in case were electricity production comes from renewable sources (wind) the emission at the production stage of BEV are almost defeasance.13,14Table1 Environmental impact associated with vehicle production stagesType of carGHG emissions (kg)AP emissions (kg)Conventional3595.88.74Hybrid4156.710.10Electric9832.415.09In both HEVs and BEVs we must also consider the environmental impact of batteries. We assume that both vehicles use NiMeH batteries of 53kg (1,8kWh capacity) and 430kg( 27kWh capacity), respectively. The production of those batteries require 1.96MJ of electricity an d 8.35MJ of liquid oil gas.15 With those data and considering that the number of batteries per life of vehicle is 2 for hybrids and 3 for electrics, the total GHG emission per life of vehicle are more than 12 times higher in BEVs.Finally in order to compare the total GHG and AP emissions for ICE, BEV and HEVs we will consider the scenario that electricity is produced only from renewable energy sources. In that case ICE vehicles are the most polluting ones with almost double GHG and AP emissions than hybrid vehicles and 10 times more than BEV vehicles (450/235/40 g CO2,equivalent /mile respectively).16Table2 Total environmental impact for different vehiclesCar TypeGHG emissions(kg) /100 km of travellingAP emissions(kg) /100 km of travellingConventional ICE21.40.0600Hybrid HEV13.30.0370Electric BEV2.310.00756The average travelling outdistance during a 10 year vehicle life time is 241,350km.17We must say here that in any scenario for electricity production the BEV are still the most environmentally friendly vehicles. Furthermore, hybrid cars may reduce Well-to-wheel GHG emissions to 89-103 gCO2 comparing to conventional ICE gasoline vehicles.18Georgios Fontaras, Panayotis Pistikopoulos, Zissis Samaras, 2008, Experimental evaluation of hybrid vehicle fuel economy and pollutant emissions over real-world simulation driving cycles, Atmospheric Environment 42, 2008, 4023-4035.C.C.Chan, Fellow, IEEE, Alain Bouscayrol, Member, IEEE, and Keyu Chen, Member, IEEE, 2010, Electric, Hybrid, and fuel-Cell Vehicles Architectures and Modeling, IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, Vol.59, No.2, February 2010.Max Ahman, 2000, Primary energy efficiency of alternative powertrains in vehicles, cipher 26, 2001, 973-989.Ecotraffic, The life of fuels, Stockholm, 1992Kopf et al, 1997, development of a multifunctional high power system meeting the demands of both a generator and traction drive system, Electric Vehicle Sympozium 14, Orlando (FL), 1997.Yingru Zhao, Jincan Chen, 200 6, Performance analysis and parametric optimumcriteria of an irreversible Atkinson heat-engine, Applied Energy 83,2006, 789-800.Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2006, Comparison of performances of air standard Atkinson and Otto cycles with heat transfer considerations, Energy conversion and circumspection 48, 2007, 1683-1690.Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, 2006, The 21st century electric car, Tesla Motors Inc.Michel Andr, 2004, The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car pollutant emissions, The Science of the total environment, 334-335, 2004, 73-74.R.Sharma, C.Manzie, M.Bessede, M.J.Brear, R.H. Crawford, 2012, Conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles for Australian driving conditions Part 1 Technical and financial analysis, Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies, 25, 2012, 238-249.Annual energy outlook 2012 with projections to 2035, 2012, U.S. energy information administration, June 2012.Oscar P.R van Vliet, Thomas Kruithof, Wim C. Turkenberg, Andre P.C. Faaij, 2 010, Techno-economic analogy of series hybrid, plug in hybrid, fuel cell and regular cars, Journal of Power Sources, Vol.195, Issue 19, 2010, 6570-6585.Felix Creutzig, Emily McGlynn, Jan Minx, Ottmar Edenhofer, 2011, Climate policies for road transport revisited (1) Evaluation of the current framework, Energy Policy, 39, 2011, 2396-2406.Mikhail Granovskii, Ibrahim Dincer, Marc A.Rosen, 2006, Economic and environmental comparison of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, Journal of Power Sources, 159, 2006, 1186-1193.M.Rantik, 1999, Life Cycle Assessment of five batteries for Electric vehicles chthonic different charging regimes, report, KFB-Stockholm, 1999.Tien Nguyen Jake Ward, 2010, Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Petroleum Use for Mid-Size Light-Duty Vehicles, US department of energy, Program Record (Offices of Vehicle Technologies Fuel Cell Technologies), 2010.United States division of Energy, Energy Efficiency and renewable energy. Via www.fueleconomy.gov , accessed May 15, 2005.G.J.offer, D.Howey, M.Contestabile, R.Clague, N.P.Brandon, 2010, Comparative analysis of battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in a future sustainable road transport system, Energy Policy, 38, 2010, 24-29.

Properly Format An Apa Style Paper English Language Essay

Properly Format An Apa Style Paper English Language evidenceIn this written report we give explore how to appropriately format an APA style physical composition. This example will be of occasion to introductory psychology students who have got neer had any exposure to APA format. For senior students, this paper may serve as a useful reminder of the refer elements of APA style.Learning APA Format for Psychology StudentsFrequently, students atomic number 18 required to write psychology papers. However, in doing so, there be two b road skills that destiny to be learned. The inaugural skill is related to the content of the paper. For example, a student writing a paper about dreaming is likely to incorporate the stems of Freud (1953) or even Hobson and McCarley (1977). The morsel skill is tied to properly format the paper. In psychology, we make use of the format create by the American Psychological Association (APA 2001). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to disc uss the various aspects of APA format for psychology students.In psychology, there are two types of APA style papers. One format, which I call the quantitative paper, includes a method, results and discussion section. In statistics and research methods courses, you will execute to adopt the quantitative approach. I have published a number of articles in this format (e.g., Dyce OConnor, 1994). In this course you are not collecting and analyzing data, therefore, you do not include subtitles for the methods, results and discussion sections. The paper that you are going to write is a qualitative paper. This style of paper does not involve statistical analyses, rather, it involves a synthesis of ideas (e.g., Dyce, 1994).1) Title PageThe premier thing students need to learn how to master in APA format is the title varlet. First, you will notice that the title page is numbered in the upper right boxwood. In fact, all page numbers are marked in the upper right hand corner. Please circ ular the margins are one inch all the way around and the entire content is double spaced with 12 point font. As well, a better suggestion is to use Times New Roman for the text font.Second, you will notice something called Running head. To access the header in Microsoft Word 2007, at the tip of Word select Insert. Under the tab Insert you will find something called Header. Select Header and click on the first option called BLANK. Click on the greyed area and then type in the pursuance Running head LEARNING APA FORMAT. However, when you get to page two of your document, click on the head in the document. When you do so, look to about the center of tab section of Word and find DESIGN. Under this tab, select Different first page. Then type the lyric poem LEARNING APA FORMAT (of course, your banters will be different) and click on the red X in the upper right hand corner of the document. If you do so, this will bring you back to your regular document.Finally, on the title page of y our article, your name, and institution are located in the center. In my case, the title of the paper is Learning APA Format for Psychology Students. Just below the title you will put your name. For many academic papers, there are multiple authors. The question is who goes first? A natural answer to this question would be to put the names in alphabetical order. However, in academic papers, the individual who does most of the work is much the lead author. Below your name, you will put your institution, and in our case it will be Universal University.2) AbstractThe second page is called the Abstract. The article abstract is bear on and placed at the top of the page. The abstract itself is a short summary of the paper. In fact, you might be wise to write the abstract after you have finished your paper. The publication manual suggests that the abstract has a number of characteristics. The abstract is accurate as it does not include information that does not appear in the body of the paper. It is concise (i.e., 120 words or less). The purpose of the abstract is to report, not to evaluate. A well-prepared abstract can be the most serious paragraph in your article (APA, 2001, p. 12).3) Body of the PaperThe third page is where you start the body of your paper. The title that you used on the first page of your paper is in like manner used at the very(prenominal) top of the third page. In fact, the titles that appear on the first and third page are exactly the same. The title is centered.In the first paragraph, you will want to broadly introduce your topic. Authors a great deal begin with the broad strokes of the research area they are about to describe. Next, you describe more specifically what you are going to talk about. You may prefer a paragraph or two to introduce your topic.On the third and subsequent pages of the paper, there will be numerous opportunities to discuss other authors ideas. Simply stated, you do not necessarily need to have an totally cer tain idea for a psychology paper (particularly a student paper). Making reference to another authors ideas can be done in two ways. You can either paraphrase an idea or cite the author straight. When you paraphrase, you are taking another individuals ideas and then putting them into your own words. If you paraphrase, you will have to indicate where the idea came from. For example, lets consider the following paragraph.There many views on dreaming. On the one hand, there is the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis (ASH Hobson McCarley, 1977). Proponents of the ASH believe that dreams are largely physiological, starting with bursts of electric energy from the pons, with the cerebral cortex later trying to make sense of this energy. In sum, Hobson and McCarley (1977) do not believe that dreams are meaningful. On the other hand, individuals such(prenominal) as Freud believe that dreams are loaded with meaning. Freud (1953) suggested that there are two components to dreams. The manifest con tent is the storyline, whereas the latent content is the underlying meaning. According to Freud, rant blah blah (1900, p. 52).You will notice that in this paragraph, I am paraphrasing and directly quoting authors. To avoid plagiarism, you will need to use one or more of these strategies. For example, in the above paragraph I paraphrase the ideas of Hobson and McCarley. In doing so, I do not directly lift these authors ideas (i.e., I am not using their ideas word for word). In brief, when using an idea from some source, you need to indicate where this idea came from. Not only is this proper formatting, but it also gives readers the opportunity to check the original source for themselves. You may be saying to yourself, how do readers know where to look? This is why we have a reference section that is found at the very back of the paper (we will talk more about this in a moment).You will also notice that in the bolded paragraph that I directly quote Freud. I am sure Freud never said b lah blah blah but you get the idea. Whenever you directly (exactly) use someone elses ideas, you need to indicate the author, the year that the article/book was published and the page number from where the idea came from. It is very important to master this formatting otherwise you might be accused of plagiarism. Consider these factitious examplesFreud (1900) suggests that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (p. 25).Dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (Freud, 1900, p. 25).Freud suggested that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (1990, p. 25)You will note that in all three examples, the quote is exact, and the author, year and the page number are listed. If an article/book has multiple authors, the authors names must appear in the body of the paper in the order that they are listed in the original work. Consider these factitious examplesFreud and Dyce (1900) suggest that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (p. 25).Dreaming is the royal road t o the unconscious (Freud Dyce, 1900, p. 25).Freud and Dyce suggested that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (1990, p. 25)Notice the difference between the use of and and. The (shift 7 on your keyboard) is called ampersand. Ampersand is used when you source or quote within parentheses, whereas the word and is used outside of parentheses. For example, in the first example above, I use Freud and Dyce (1900) whereas in the second example I use Freud Dyce, 1900, p. 25.Lets suppose you want to paraphrase my lecture ideas (or email) in your paper. The way to do so is as followsIt has been suggested that classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov in the early 1900s (J. A. Dyce, personal communication, October 5, 2005).However, personal communications will not appear in the reference section. In fact, it is one of the few exceptions where a cited author does not appear in the reference section. In general, an author that is listed in the body of paper must appear in the r eference section, and viciousness versa. Use personal communications when the data is not recoverable.I have noticed in recent long time that many students use YouTube for presentations. If you use this chassis of source for your paper, list it as follows in the body of your paperThe date (2009, October 10) refers to the date when the video was watched. Dyce (2009, October 10) indicates that4) ReferencesThe final page of your paper is the reference page, and it occurs on an entirely new page. The reference page lists all of the references that you used in your paper. The word References appears at the top and is centered (see my example at the end of this paper). The authors are listed in alphabetical order according to the first author of the paper. For example, consider these factious articles.Freud, S., Dyce, J. (2001)Flinstone, F., Rubble, B. (2001)Cat, T., Dogs, J., Fish, T. (2001)With this particular collection, the Cat article would appear first, then Flinstone and then Freud. You would not go up the names in the references list. For example, it might be tempting to reverse the names Freud and Dyce, because they are in improper alphabetical order. However, for a single article, the order must remain the same way as it does in the original article. The lead author must remain the lead author.The various sources that you use can take the form of books, journal articles, or a chapter from a book. The following are some examples of formatting that are loosely taken from the APA manual.One author, journal articleDyce, J. A. (2000). The psychology of rats, cats, and wild dogs. Journal of AnimalBehavior, 34, 35-45.Two authors, journal articleDyce, J. A., Kulak, A. (2000). The psychology of selling a house. Journal of Selling,50, 56-89.Magazine ArticleDyce, J. A., Kulak, A. (2000, October 10). Whats another word for thesaurus? Science,450, 445-446.Newspaper articleDyce, J. (2005, October 1). The marital benefits of the expression You are right and I ams orry. The Washington Post, pp. A4.BookDyce, J. (1900). How to live more than 100 years and not show your age. Washington,DC American Publication Press.EncyclopediaDyce, J. (1980). The merits of procrastination. In the new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol.25, pp. 50-51). Chicago Encyclopedia Britannica.YouTubeDyce, J. A. (2009, October 10). What is psychology? Video file. Retrieved fromYou will notice for these references that the first line is flush to the left, and every other line is indented. In other words, the first line overhangs the other lines. You will also notice that there are a variety of ways in which material can be cited. Pay close attention to the location of periods and spacing.There are other sources that you could use for your paper, and the APA manual is filled with different ways in which material is cited (see chapter 4 of the 5th edition). If you have other questions about APA format, you could take a look at the manual. As of 2009, the 6th Edition has been publis hed. In my opinion, the 6th edition is better organized than the 5th edition. Alternative, you might conduct a Google search using the key words APA format and see what you come up with. Although there are many nuances to APA format, following the examples in this paper should give you a very great start on how to write a psychology paper.5) Final CommentsK.M.S Throughout this paper, I have discussed the basics of APA style. However, formatting is only one part of proper writing skills. More importantly, students need to learn how to write. Learning how to write academic papers is not an easy t train and takes years to master. The three most important words for good writing are edit, edit, edit. The goal of which is to be as clear and concise as possible. Often when composing something, it is difficult see our mistakes, and we often blur by them when reviewing. For this reason, it is useful to put your paper down for a day and then reread your work (alternatively, get a friend to establishment your paper). Allow yourself enough time to write as rushed work is easily identifiable. As an example, it took about one day to put this sample paper together. If you consider that I am familiar with APA style and write fairly well, the process of putting your paper together is likely to take longer. Heed this advice and you should scram a good grade on your paper.Additions provided by A.E. Finally, if you feel that more needs to be added to this paper or there are mistakes, I would ask that you download the paper, make the changes, initial the changes with a textbox (see below), and then email the paper back to me (emailprotected). I will then repost the sample paper to the website.

XY Chromosome in a Female With Secondary Amenorrhea

XY Chromosome in a Female With Secondary AmenorrheaDania Al-Jaroudi, M.DCapsuleA 17-year-old missy presented to our gynecology clinic with secondary amenorrhea. She had been diagnosed with ALL at the age of 5 years, she received chemotherapy and radiotherapy over the following years. Her chromosomal analysis showed a karyotype of 46, XY.Introduction first-string ovarian inadequacy is a disorder that is emotionally traumatic and bears lifelong consequences on fertility, bone and cardiovascular health (1,2), making it more challenging is its point in adolescents. Previously the term previous(p) menopause had been used and found to be incorrect as about 50 % of women have intermittent ovarian function and may ovulate and conceive after this diagnosis (1,2,3). The diagnosis is made when women younger than 40 years, have four or more months of amenorrhea and two serum FSH levels taken one month apart in the menopausal range (2).Causes of primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents emb arrass chromosomal abnormalities, premutation in the FMR1 gene for fragile X, or iatrogenic from chemotherapy or radiation therapy (1). Infiltrative, infectious processes and pelvic surgery are less common causes (1). autoimmune disease is another cause, as around 4% of women will have adrenal or ovarian antibodies. Still the etiology remains unknown in many cases (3).Although advances in oncology treatments have improved survival of childhood cancer, this came at the expense of ovarian function, increasing the risk of ovarian insufficiency and infertility (4). international Morse code et. al showed in a prospective observational study of ovarian function during cancer treatment of females aged 0 to 18 years that ovarian insufficiency occurred in chemotherapy treated prepubertal and pubertal patients regardless of menarche, age, diagnosis or chemotherapy given (5). Furthermore, females receiving radiotherapy below the diaphragm and/or chemical group booth transplantation (SCT) ha d no recovery in their ovarian function followed for one and a half years from the end of their treatment (5).Clinicians need to be metier in delivering the diagnosis of primary ovarian insufficiency to their patients (6). This diagnosis can be emotionally traumatic and emotional needs of the patient need to be addressed as should further support be available (6). Adequate information regarding the diagnosis should be given as according to Groff AA et al (6) to the highest degree patients feel that inadequate information decreased their sense of control (6).Case ReportOur patient is a17-year old single girl who presented to our clinic with secondary amenorrhea. She had been diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in 2002 at 5 years of age. Therapy began with hyperfractionated chemotherapy with two courses course A cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone and Course B methotrexate and cytarabine (HCVAD). She relapsed in 2007 and 2012 and was treated wit h methotrexate (MTX), dexamethasone (DEXA), vincristine, and L-asparagine. She then had total body radiation in 2012.In July 2012, patient was referred to King AbdulAziz medical city at 15 years of age with pancytopenia, she was once again given hyperfractionated chemotherapy with two courses course A cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone and Course B methotrexate and cytarabine (HCVAD).After remission she was given busulfan/cyclophosphamide then she had stem electric cell transplant (SCT) from her full HLA matched sibling.Patient had menarche at 11 years, after which she had regular menstruations for 4 years before she developed secondary amenorrhea. Progesterone challenge test was do with no response. Hormonal profile showed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, normal thyroid function test and prolactin levels. Pelvic ultrasound showed normal, but small sized uterus and ovaries. chromosomal analysis showed 46, XY, this confused her primary physician was unsure about the best plan of management. On further review of her previous investigations, her chromosomal analysis yearly back had been a normal female genotype. So with the stem cell transplant (SCT) from her HLA matched sibling her genotype and her whole cell line had changed. With the impression of premature ovarian insufficiency as her primary diagnosis, patient was started on cyclical hormonal therapy estradiol valerate 2 mg, norgestrel 500 mcg (progyluton, Bayer Health, Germany) for 6 months. On follow up after 2 months, she didnt start progyluton because she thought she needs to start 5th day of cycle proper counseling was through and patient was seen 2 months afterwards on hormonal therapy, calcium and vitamin D with withdrawal bleeds.Objective To report a case of primary ovarian insufficiency in 17 year old, single girl, who had ALL and was treated with chemo and radiotherapy, followed by bone marrow transplant.Design Case report.Setting King Abdulaziz Medical metropolisPatient (s) A patient diagnosed with primary ovarian insufficiency, after receiving chemo and radiotherapy for ALL. She later received bone marrow transplant from her HLA matched brother.Intervention(s) Hormone replacement therapy.Main terminus Measure(s) After ruling out other causes, counseling and emotional support where given to the patient. She was then started on hormonal replacement therapy, calcium and vitamin D.Result(s) Patient started hormonal therapy and was followed in the clinic.Conclusion(s) This case describes a primary ovarian insufficiency in a girl post chemo and radiotherapy it also describes a change in cell line following bone marrow transplant from her HLA matched brother.Key Words Secondary amenorrhea, primary ovarian insufficiency, Hormonal replacement therapy, stem cell transplant.Acknow leadgments We would like to express our thanks to Dr. Hanan Dahlawi for providing care to the patient.DiscussionConditioning with chemotherapy and radiotherapy prior to stem cell transplant (SCT) particularly with cyclophosphamide and total body re will inevitably lead to primary ovarian insufficiency and infertility (7). The risk of primary ovarian insufficiency when patients receive busulfan and cyclophosphamide is about 100%, equal to what our patient has received (7).We report this case as this patients karyotype changed to a male karyotype following stem cell transplant (SCT) from her full HLA matched sibling. This led to a diagnostic confusion at first, and was later understood after her karyotype one year earlier was reviewed and genetist was consulted.There was no similar cases reported in the literature, although numerous cases where reported on primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents, and successful pregnancy thereafter. Therefore, we recommend to educate physician on changes occurring after stem cell transplant. Unfortunately, this patient was not offered fertility preservation options prior to her treatment this again is another area of aw areness that needs to be raised in physicians.Nonetheless, this patient was offered counseling and hormonal therapy after she was referred to our out patient clinics. The aim of hormonal therapy in adolescents with primary ovarian insufficiency includes the relief of hypoestrogenic symptoms in attachment to bone support, cardiovascular, and sexual health (8). Adolescents may need higher doses of estrogen than menopausal women to ensure adequate replacement and optimal bone health (8).

Essay --

Chapter 11How does genus Atticus advise Jem to react to Mrs. Duboses taunts?Atticus says to Jem, You just hold your head tall and be a gentleman. Whatever she says to you, its your job not to let her elucidate you mad. (pg 111)What does Mrs. Dubose say about the childrens mother? How does Jem feel about this?Mrs. Dubose give tongue to that, it was heartbreaking the way Atticus Finch let her (their mothers) children run wild. (pg 111) Jem obviously didnt like this and the novel describes his expression as livid.What request does Mrs. Dubose make of Jem? Is this a fair punishment for his crime?Mrs. Dubose asks that Jem reads to her every day for a month. I think this is a fair punishment because he ruined few of her joy- he should do something to make up for it.Explain in your own words what Atticus thinks of insults like nigger-lover. How far do you agree with him?Atticus thinks that the give has no meaning. He thinks he shouldnt take it as an insult because its simply a deroga tory description of what he objectively is. I do agree with him, scarcely its still insulting, even if its true.Why, in Atticus view, was Mrs. Dubose a owing(p) lady?Atticus thinks that Mrs. Dubose was a great lady because she didnt mindlessly accept the views of others and had her own opinions- even if they didnt correspond with his own.Atticus says that Mrs. Dubose is a model of real courage rather than a man with a gun in his hand. What does he mean? Do you think hes right?Mrs. Dubose was a model of real courage because she confronted her problems herself and didnt hide behind anyone else. I think hes right because she definitely got over her morphine addiction and didnt complain.Chapters decennium and eleven are the last two ... ... verdict to be? Does Atticus think the same?Jem expects that Tom Robinson will be declared innocent, but Atticus doesnt want to be too optimistic.What is unusual about how long it takes the jury to reach a verdict? Is the verdict predictable or n ot?It unusual that it takes the jury so long to reach a verdict because normally the black person would have been immediately announced guilty. Because of Atticus convincing case, it was taking them much longer to decide, and the verdict was quite unpredictable.As Scout waits for the verdict, she thinks of earlier events. What are these and how do they remind us of the novels central themes?While Scout waits, she remembers what Jem had told her about the power of human concentration, which can suggest how she and many of the other characters in this novel have the power to commute what happens, even slightly.